Fundamentals of Thermodynamics

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Condensation Unit.

Technical Description

The benchtop unit provides clear demonstrations of condensation processes in a glass cylinder. The system has one condensation pipe with a polished gold-plated surface for dropwise condensation, and one condensation pipe with a matt surface for film condensation. The condensers are water-cooled. The cooling capacity can be determined. Sensors provide all relevant data which is indicated on digital displays. The measured values can, at the same time, be transmitted directly to a PC using a data acquisition card and analysed on the PC using the software supplied.

A supply of water is required.

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Boiling Heat Transfer Unit

Technical Description

The transparent process tank makes it possible to clearly observe the evaporation process at the heated cylinder. The cylinder is used as a model to demonstrate a fire tube heated from the inside. An integrated water-cooled condenser allows for a continuous boiling process. The special liquid used evaporates at low temperatures. Sensors provide all relevant data. The measured values are indicated on digital displays and can also be transmitted directly to a PC. A data acquisition card and software are included.

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Marcet Boiler

Technical Description

This benchtop unit demonstrates the relationship between pressure and temperature of saturated steam. The saturation pressure curve can be determined up to a pressure of 15bar. A defined amount of water is heated in a pressure vessel using an electric heater. The temperature and pressure can be tracked continuously on a digital temperature display and a Bourdon tube manometer. A pressure relief valve and a high temperature cut-out are fitted as safety devices. Experiments with hot steam should only be performed under the supervision of trained personnel.

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Flow Boiling Demonstration

Technical Description

The process of evaporation in heated pipes that occurs in water-tube boilers can be demonstrated. The different phases that appear during evaporation in the pipe can be clearly seen. The double-wall glass evaporation pipe allows the evaporation process to be observed closely. Hot water flows through the outer pipe and evaporates the medium in the inner pipe. The non-toxic liquid used starts to evaporate at 40 to 50°C. Low system pressures can be generated with the built-in water-jet vacuum pump. The pipe systems are clearly laid out on a metal panel. The hot water circuit consists of an expansion vessel, a circulating pump and heater. An evaporation pipe, vapour collector, water-cooled condenser and return pipe form the evaporation circuit.

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Heat Conduction in Gases and Liquids

Technical Description

This benchtop unit enables experiments to be performed on steady-state thermal conduction in liquid and gaseous materials. It comprises a cylindrical heat exchanger with a heated inner cylinder made of aluminium and a water-cooled jacket. The medium for the experiment is fed through a gap. The gap between the two elements was selected so that the transfer of heat due to convection can be ignored. Due to the low temperatures and the polished surfaces, the radiation portion of the heat transfer is also negligible. Thermocouples measure the temperature difference.

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Thermal Conductivity of Building Materials

Technical Description

This benchtop unit enables experiments to be performed on steady-state heat conduction in non-metallic materials such as polystyrene, PMMA, cork or plaster in accordance with DIN 52612. Specimen sheets are placed between a heater plate and a water-cooled plate. A clamping device ensures that the clamping pressure and thermal contact are reproducible. A special sensor measures the heat transfer rate. Electronic controllers keep the temperatures of the heater plate and cooling plate constant within close limits. The measured values can be displayed and evaluated on a PC.

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Natural Convection and Radiation Apparatus

Technical Description

This unit enables a broad range of experiments to be performed on the transfer of heat in gases. At raised pressures the energy is primarily transported by convection, while at low pressures the energy is transferred by radiation. An electrically heated metal cylinder is fitted inside a pressure vessel that can be evacuated. Low pressures down to 1 Pa absolute are generated using the vacuum pump fitted. Gauge pressures up to 1 bar can be obtained by using an external compressed air connection. It is also possible to investigate heat transfer in other gases, e.g. nitrogen, helium or carbon dioxide. The heater power is adjustable and is measured via the voltage and current. The surface temperatures of the heating element and the vessel wall are displayed. The pressure measurement is made using a piezoelectric pressure sensor. At very low pressures a Pirani manometer is used.

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Advanced Conduction Unit.

Technical Description

In this benchtop unit, a metal test bar is clamped between a heater and a Peltier element as the cooler. The complete arrangement is under an evacuated bell jar. In this way errors due to convection can be ignored and all the heat must flow through the test bar. The thermal conductivity can be calculated from the temperature difference between the hot and cold end and the heater power. The housing contains the vacuum pump and the digital displays.

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Heat Conduction Trainer

Technical Description

This unit is used to investigate steady-state and non-steady-state heat conduction processes. An interchangeable cylindrical specimen is fitted between a heat source and a heat sink. The specimen is prefitted with twelve thermocouples distributed along its length. The electrical heat source is controlled electronically. The heat sink is water-cooled. The temperatures of the heat source, cooling water and specimen are indicated. There are also displays for heater power and cooling water flow rate. The thermal conductivity can be calculated using the measured data. In addition, it is possible to transfer the measured data to a computer via a serial interface and display the data on the computer. The software is included. A temperature step can be generated by adjusting the flow of cooling water. With the aid of the PC the non-steady-state temperature distribution in the specimen can be displayed against position and time.

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Heat Conduction in Solids.

Technical Description

The fundamental laws of steady-state thermal conduction in solid bodies can be investigated with this benchtop unit. The specimens are arranged between an electrical heater and a water-cooled plate. A Dewar vessel prevents the exchange of heat with the surrounding environment. The specimens are equipped with several temperature measuring points. The heat transfer rate is determined via the current and voltage of the heater.

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Heat Conduction Unit PC

Technical Description

The benchtop unit comprises 2 heater and cooler combinations that provide the necessary temperature difference. The linear thermal conduction experiment allows the thermal properties of different samples to be investigated. Each experimental set-up is equipped with up to nine temperature measuring points. The temperatures are displayed on the control unit. The heater power is also adjusted and displayed here. The measured data can be transferred to a PC for further processing (PC not included). A data acquisition card and software are included in the scope of supply.

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Thermal Radiation Unit PC

Technical Description

The benchtop unit contains a blackbody emitter with a thermopile for the investigation of thermal radiation, a light source with luxmeter for illuminance measurements, and absorption plates with thermocouples for the investigation of Kirchhoff's laws. Colour filters and apertures extend the range of experiments. The measured values are displayed digitally on the measuring unit. At the same time, the measured data can be transferred to a PC for further processing. A data acquisition card and software are included.

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Free and Forced Convection Unit PC.

Technical Description 

The test unit for free and forced convection is designed as a benchtop unit. Air is fed through a duct and heated at heater elements with different shaped surfaces. 3 interchangeable heater elements are provided. A fan can be switched on for experiments on forced convection. The temperature and air velocity are measured using sensors. The measured values can be read on digital displays. The measured data can be transferred directly from the display and control unit to a PC. A data acquisition card and software are included.

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Boyle Law Demonstration PC.

Technical Description

2 independent transparent cylinders each contain a certain quantity of air. The air is used as the test gas. In the cylinder on the right the air is electrically heated at constant volume and the temperature and pressure changes are measured. The air in the left cylinder is compressed quasi-isothermally using hydraulic oil and a compressor. In this case the pressure and volume changes are measured. All measurements are made electrically and indicated on digital displays. They can be transferred to a PC for further processing. 

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Advanced Temperature Measurement Unit.

Technical Description

A wide range of temperature measurements can be performed and compared using this unit. The thermometers and temperature sensors to be investigated are heated to the same temperature in a tank of water. A second heated tank with an electronic control system provides water temperatures up to 80°C. The transient response of the sensors can be examined by quickly immersing them in the second tank. Digital instruments for measuring temperature, voltage and resistance enable the characteristic curves to be drawn. A 3-channel chart recorder can be used to continuously record the measured values from the electrical temperature sensors (thermocouple, thermistor, RTD) and thus to document the different responses. The mobile unit can be used for student experiments and is also suitable for demonstrations.

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Fundamentals of Temperature Measurement.

Technical Description
Recording temperature is one of the basic tasks in process and manufacturing automation. Electronic temperature sensors are the most widely used in automation applications but conventional thermometer types are still widely applied in many areas. The WL 202 experimentation set-up covers the full range of temperature measurement methods. As well as non-electrical measuring methods, such as gas- and liquid-filled thermometers and bimetallic thermometers, all typical electronic measuring methods are covered in the experiments. The electronically measured temperatures are displayed directly on programmable digital displays. A temperature-proportionate output voltage signal (0 - 10V) is accessible from lab jacks, enabling temperature characteristics to be recorded with, for example, a plotter. A digital multimeter with precision resistors is used to calibrate the electrical measuring devices. Various heat sources or storage units (immersion heater, vacuum flask and laboratory heater) permit relevant temperature ranges to be achieved for the sensors being tested. A plastic casing houses the sensors, cables, temperature measuring strips and immersion heater. The well-structured instructional material sets out the technological fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide through the measurements and experiments. 

Advanced Technocracy Inc. is Manufacturer, Exporter & Supplier of Methods of Pressure Measurement.

Technical Description

The manometer panel contains 2 tube and 2 dial manometers for the demonstration of alternative measurement methods. Test pressures in the millibar range are generated with the aid of the supplied syringe. All manometers can be combined with one another using connecting hoses. It is possible to measure gauge pressure and vacuum. Dial and Bourdon tube manometers can be calibrated with a dead-weight piston gauge.

• Compact 10 turn power unit
• AC-60-260 V
• DC-0-18 V (Adjustable)
• Weight- 850 gm